{"id":6301,"date":"2024-01-17T14:15:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-17T13:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lecercledeseconomistes.fr\/articles\/%cat-post-theme%\/immigration-a-french-paradox\/"},"modified":"2024-04-02T18:16:25","modified_gmt":"2024-04-02T16:16:25","slug":"immigration-a-french-paradox","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/lecercledeseconomistes.fr\/en\/articles\/jobs-skills\/immigration-a-french-paradox\/","title":{"rendered":"Immigration: A French Paradox"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group section-content-layout-without-cover is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"block--post-meta\" >\n\n    <ul class=\"block--post-meta-list\">\n\n        \n            <li>\n                <p class=\"style-p-secondary-bold\">date<\/p>\n                <time datetime=\"2024-01-17T14:15:00+01:00\"class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">17 janvier 2024<\/time>\n            <\/li>\n\n            <li>\n                <p class=\"style-p-secondary-bold\">update<\/p>\n                <time datetime=\"2024-04-02T18:16:25+02:00\" class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">2 avril 2024 \u00e0 18:16<\/time>\n            <\/li>\n\n            \n            <li>\n                <p class=\"style-p-secondary-bold\">author<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"container__authors\">\n\n                    \n                        <a class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\" href=\"https:\/\/lecercledeseconomistes.fr\/en\/presentation\/members-and-authors\/authors\/ekrame-boubtane\/\">Ekrame Boubtane<\/a>\n                     \n                    \n                <\/div>\n            <\/li>\n            \n        \n            \n            \n            \n\n            \n                <li>\n                    <p class=\"style-p-secondary-bold\">reading time<\/p>\n                                        <p class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">3 minutes<\/p> \n                <\/li>\n\n            \n\n        \n        \n    <\/ul>\n\n    \n        \n        <div class=\"container-post-social-share\">\n\n            \n<div class=\"block--post-social-share\" >\n\n    \n    <ul class=\"container-socials\">\n\n        <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Flecercledeseconomistes.fr%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fjobs-skills%2Fimmigration-a-french-paradox%2F\" title='Partager sur Facebook' target='_blank'>\n                \n                <svg class=\"facebook\" width=\"27\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 27 26\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path class=\"one\" d=\"M25.6539 0.587891H0.814941V25.4269H25.6539V0.587891Z\" stroke=\"#5B5B5B\" stroke-miterlimit=\"10\"\/>\n<path class=\"two\" d=\"M14.272 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Paradox&#038;url=https%3A%2F%2Flecercledeseconomistes.fr%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fjobs-skills%2Fimmigration-a-french-paradox%2F&#038;hashtags=cde\" title='Partager sur Twitter' target='_blank'>\n                \n                <svg class=\"twitter\" width=\"26\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 26 26\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<g clip-path=\"url(#clip0_805_2)\">\n  <rect class=\"background\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"white\"\/>\n  <path class=\"one\" d=\"M0.5 0H0V25.839H25.839V0H0.5ZM24.839 24.839H1V1H24.839V24.839Z\" fill=\"#5C5B5C\"\/>\n  <path class=\"two\" d=\"M7.035 17.9391C6.863 18.1171 6.693 18.2961 6.5 18.4961C6.792 18.4961 7.05 18.4881 7.308 18.4991C7.445 18.5051 7.534 18.4591 7.624 18.3651C8.934 17.0021 10.25 15.6431 11.559 14.2791C11.649 14.1851 11.68 14.2091 11.745 14.2931C12.799 15.6621 13.856 17.0281 14.909 18.3971C14.965 18.4701 15.023 18.4971 15.116 18.4971C16.2 18.4941 17.285 18.4951 18.369 18.4941C18.41 18.4941 18.455 18.5081 18.5 18.4751C18.491 18.4601 18.484 18.4461 18.475 18.4331C17.967 17.7801 17.459 17.1271 16.95 16.4741C15.857 15.0701 14.764 13.6651 13.669 12.2631C13.615 12.1941 13.608 12.1541 13.676 12.0861C13.953 11.8081 14.221 11.5231 14.493 11.2411C15.534 10.1631 16.576 9.08512 17.617 8.00612C17.771 7.84612 17.924 7.68612 18.099 7.50212C17.814 7.50212 17.56 7.50912 17.308 7.49912C17.177 7.49412 17.091 7.53712 17.004 7.62812C15.749 8.93112 14.49 10.2301 13.235 11.5331C13.168 11.6031 13.146 11.5891 13.095 11.5221C12.077 10.2121 11.057 8.90312 10.04 7.59212C9.986 7.52212 9.93 7.50012 9.844 7.50012C8.777 7.50212 7.71 7.50112 6.643 7.50212C6.603 7.50212 6.557 7.48512 6.517 7.52512C6.53 7.54312 6.542 7.56012 6.554 7.57712C8.082 9.55512 9.609 11.5331 11.139 13.5091C11.198 13.5851 11.209 13.6261 11.133 13.7041C9.764 15.1131 8.399 16.5251 7.034 17.9371L7.035 17.9391ZM8.059 8.30412C8.043 8.28412 8.03 8.26212 8.014 8.24012C8.048 8.19612 8.095 8.21612 8.135 8.21612C8.596 8.21412 9.057 8.21812 9.518 8.21312C9.621 8.21212 9.685 8.24212 9.746 8.32212C10.664 9.50912 11.585 10.6941 12.505 11.8791C13.993 13.7961 15.482 15.7121 16.97 17.6291C16.99 17.6551 17.008 17.6831 17.044 17.7351C16.504 17.7351 15.991 17.7351 15.478 17.7351C15.413 17.7351 15.387 17.6921 15.356 17.6521C14.356 16.3711 13.357 15.0891 12.357 13.8081C10.925 11.9731 9.492 10.1391 8.059 8.30412Z\" fill=\"#5C5B5C\"\/>\n<\/g>\n<\/svg>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        \n\n        <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/sharing\/share-offsite\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Flecercledeseconomistes.fr%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fjobs-skills%2Fimmigration-a-french-paradox%2F\" title='Partager sur Linkedin' target='_blank'>\n                \n                <svg class=\"linkedin\" width=\"25\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 25 26\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path class=\"one\" d=\"M24.8649 0.587891H0.0258789V25.4269H24.8649V0.587891Z\" stroke=\"#5B5B5B\" stroke-miterlimit=\"10\"\/>\n<path class=\"two\" d=\"M18.1309 13.5412C18.1539 15.1962 18.144 16.8512 18.144 18.5062C18.1386 18.5827 18.1283 18.6588 18.1138 18.7342C17.4238 18.7342 16.743 18.7342 16.063 18.7342C15.826 18.7342 15.8902 18.5472 15.8892 18.4182C15.8892 17.2602 15.8892 16.1022 15.8892 14.9432C15.8892 14.8222 15.8892 14.7002 15.8892 14.5792C15.8913 14.3853 15.8548 14.1928 15.7817 14.0132C15.7087 13.8336 15.6002 13.6703 15.4634 13.5329C15.3265 13.3955 15.1637 13.2867 14.9844 13.2129C14.805 13.1391 14.6129 13.1018 14.4189 13.1032C14.005 13.0978 13.6058 13.2566 13.3086 13.5448C13.0114 13.833 12.8404 14.2272 12.833 14.6412C12.816 15.8412 12.8332 17.0412 12.8252 18.2482C12.8252 18.7912 12.8952 18.7332 12.3252 18.7362C11.7552 18.7392 11.1838 18.7362 10.5918 18.7362V11.1462H12.8198V12.1112C12.9688 11.9552 13.0519 11.8742 13.1279 11.7882C14.1279 10.6732 17.1092 10.5882 17.9092 12.5482C18.0427 12.863 18.1176 13.1994 18.1309 13.5412Z\" fill=\"#5B5B5B\"\/>\n<path class=\"three\"d=\"M8.09164 7.27812C8.36496 7.27255 8.63415 7.34853 8.86411 7.49635C9.09406 7.64417 9.27472 7.85713 9.38315 8.10808C9.49157 8.35903 9.52247 8.63659 9.4725 8.90535C9.42253 9.17412 9.29376 9.4219 9.10239 9.61711C8.91101 9.81232 8.66601 9.94611 8.39829 10.0014C8.13056 10.0567 7.85251 10.031 7.59946 9.92755C7.34641 9.82413 7.12974 9.64767 6.97739 9.42069C6.82504 9.19371 6.74385 8.92649 6.74399 8.65312C6.73999 8.47373 6.77175 8.29535 6.83774 8.12849C6.90373 7.96163 7.00265 7.80966 7.12827 7.68153C7.25388 7.5534 7.40367 7.4517 7.56918 7.38242C7.7347 7.31314 7.91221 7.27767 8.09164 7.27812Z\" fill=\"#5B5B5B\"\/>\n<path class=\"four\"d=\"M9.22314 11.1509V18.7169H7V11.1509H9.22314Z\" fill=\"#5B5B5B\"\/>\n<\/svg>            <\/a>\n\n        <\/li>\n        \n<\/ul>\n\n  \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        \n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>France has a long history of welcoming immigrants, who have greatly contributed to the development of its economy. Contrary to popular belief, Ekrame Boubtane demonstrates that the work provided by immigrants responds to the permanent needs of the labour market, which explains the failure of policies aimed at discouraging immigration or encouraging return.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-normal\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-purple-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-17ba05b6caf440a79e300824e933e8c2\">This article is excerpted from the first issue of <em>the journal Mermoz<\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/lecercledeseconomistes.fr\/medias\/publications\/travail-rebattre-les-cartes\/\">&#8220;Work: Reshuffling the Cards&#8221;.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-normal\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>France is a country of immigration that has long welcomed people looking for work and\/or fleeing persecution. The growth of its economy is partly based on immigrants who have long since replaced the French, especially in the tasks that the latter did not want to fulfill. Contrary to the idea that has long been anchored in public debate in France, the work provided by immigrants is complementary and not substitutable for that provided by non-immigrants. It responds to the permanent needs of the labour market, which explains why immigrants settle permanently in France, despite an immigration policy that has tended to keep them in a temporary status. Rather than encouraging immigrants to return to their countries of origin, the hardening of immigration policy has contributed to their decision to settle in France on a long-term basis and with their families.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Immigration that responds to sustainable labour market needs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Until the end of the Thirty Glorious Years, the needs of the labour market in France motivated the massive recruitment of immigrant workers, particularly abroad by employers or their representatives and administrative services. They can be explained by the economic boom in France, which has resulted in an increase in the average standard of living and the stabilization of natural population growth. The French, who are increasingly better trained and few in number in relation to the labour needs of industry and agriculture, have been able to occupy the least arduous and best-paid jobs and have gradually turned to more sustainable jobs, particularly in the service sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-footnotes is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"block--footnotes-legende\" >\n\n   \n        <li class=\"footnotes-legende\">\n\n            <div class=\"footnotes-legende__header\">\n                                    <p class=\"footnotes-legende__header-number style-p-secondary-bold\">1<\/p> \n                                            <\/div>\n\n                            <p class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">Cf. Tightness in the labour market. Dares Results n\u00b059, November 2023.<\/p>\n                       \n        <\/li>\n\n    \n   <\/ul>\n\n\n<p>While these needs were particularly important before the first oil shock, they did not disappear following the economic downturn of the 1980s and 1990s. Tensions in the labour market, which are less visible at the macroeconomic level, are of a different nature depending on the occupation. Over the past decade, they have increased in the majority of trades and are now at their highest level<sup>\n  <a href=\"#\">1<\/a>\n<\/sup>. It is thus the potential jobs that the economy would be able to create that make France attractive for a long-term settlement of immigrants.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Immigration policy in France facing the challenge of realities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-footnotes is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"block--footnotes-legende\" >\n\n   \n        <li class=\"footnotes-legende\">\n\n            <div class=\"footnotes-legende__header\">\n                                    <p class=\"footnotes-legende__header-number style-p-secondary-bold\">2<\/p> \n                                            <\/div>\n\n                            <p class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">e.g. Law of 8 August 1893 on the residence of foreigners in France and the protection of national labour; Act of 11 August 1926 introducing the obligation for foreigners to hold an identity card bearing the words &#8220;worker&#8221;.<\/p>\n                       \n        <\/li>\n\n    \n        <li class=\"footnotes-legende\">\n\n            <div class=\"footnotes-legende__header\">\n                                    <p class=\"footnotes-legende__header-number style-p-secondary-bold\">3<\/p> \n                                            <\/div>\n\n                            <p class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">e.g. Law of 10 August 1932 on quotas for foreign labour; Decree-Law of 9 August 1935 which requires foreign craftsmen to hold a special identity card.<\/p>\n                       \n        <\/li>\n\n    \n   <\/ul>\n\n\n<p>The significant use of immigrant workers to recruit has been the subject of political debates in France since the late nineteenth century. Several measures have been taken to control the entry and stay of foreigners in France<sup>\n  <a href=\"#\">2<\/a>\n<\/sup>. It was in a context of crisis that the first texts restricting foreigners&#8217; access to the labour market were adopted in the<sup>\n  <a href=\"#\">1930s 3<\/a>\n<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-footnotes is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"block--footnotes-legende\" >\n\n   \n        <li class=\"footnotes-legende\">\n\n            <div class=\"footnotes-legende__header\">\n                                    <p class=\"footnotes-legende__header-number style-p-secondary-bold\">4<\/p> \n                                            <\/div>\n\n                            <p class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">Despite migration restrictions after the crises of the 1930s and 1970s, France welcomed more than 500,000 Spanish women who fled the Spanish Civil War, as well as nationals of the former Indochina, the &#8220;boat people&#8221;, mainly Vietnamese from 1975.<\/p>\n                       \n        <\/li>\n\n    \n   <\/ul>\n\n\n<p>In addition to measures to reduce the introduction of foreign workers, which can be explained by the sharp decline in the demand for labour from firms, several measures were aimed at encouraging existing immigrants to return to their countries of origin and\/or discouraging the entry of immigrants for reasons other than work. However, most immigrants did not consider returning to their countries of origin, where the prevailing situation was even more unfavourable. They also feared that they would no longer be allowed to return to France if they returned. Moreover, increasingly restrictive measures have not discouraged people seeking protection and a better life fleeing conflict or persecution from seeking international protection<sup>\n  <a href=\"#\">from France 4<\/a>\n<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-footnotes is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"block--footnotes-legende\" >\n\n   \n        <li class=\"footnotes-legende\">\n\n            <div class=\"footnotes-legende__header\">\n                                    <p class=\"footnotes-legende__header-number style-p-secondary-bold\">5<\/p> \n                                            <\/div>\n\n                            <p class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">Marchand, O. (1991) &#8220;As many foreign assets in 1990 as in 1980&#8221; Economie et statistique 242, pp31-38.<\/p>\n                       \n        <\/li>\n\n    \n        <li class=\"footnotes-legende\">\n\n            <div class=\"footnotes-legende__header\">\n                                    <p class=\"footnotes-legende__header-number style-p-secondary-bold\">6<\/p> \n                                            <\/div>\n\n                            <p class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">Gross, D. M. (2002) &#8220;Three million foreigners, three million unemployed? Immigration flows and the labour market in France&#8221;, Applied Economics, 34(16), pp.1969-83.<\/p>\n                       \n        <\/li>\n\n    \n   <\/ul>\n\n\n<p>The situation may seem paradoxical. The immigrants that companies brought in for industrial jobs did not return to their home countries during the recession. The tightening of immigration policy has contributed to settling them rather than encouraging them to return to their countries of origin. Immigrants have shifted to jobs in other sectors or have become self-employed. They settled permanently in France with their families. Thus, foreign employment was almost unchanged between 1980 and 1990 despite massive redundancies in industry<sup><a href=\"#\">and construction.<\/a>\n  \n<\/sup> The presence of foreigners in market services has increased, the share of self-employment has increased and the working population, which was overwhelmingly male at the end of the 1970s, has gradually become more feminine with the development of women who have arrived as part of family reunification. Despite the difficulties of integration, the macroeconomic impact of immigration between 1975 and 1994, particularly that of nationals from countries outside the European Economic Community,<sup><a href=\"#\">was positive.<\/a>\n  \n<\/sup> In addition, regional conflicts and political changes have led to significant population displacement and an increase in asylum applications. Thus, the immigrant population in France has not stopped increasing since the end of the Thirty Glorious Years, despite the multiplication of laws relating to the &#8220;control of immigration&#8221; or to &#8220;control&#8221; it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps it is time to face the reality that the goal of reducing immigration is unrealistic in a globalised world. Immigration will increase, whether to meet the needs of the French labour market for skilled and unskilled jobs, or with the reception of some of the forcibly displaced people, estimated at 108.4 million by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 75% of whom are currently hosted in developing countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":5073,"parent":0,"template":"wp-custom-template-single-post-classic","cat-post-theme":[138,188],"cat-post-type":[135],"cat-blog-event-media-type-serie":[],"class_list":["post-6301","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cat-post-theme-jobs-skills","cat-post-theme-society","cat-post-type-news"],"acf":{"is_featured_post":false,"display_twitter_hastags":false,"twitter_hastags":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Immigration: A French Paradox - Le cercle des \u00e9conomistes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lecercledeseconomistes.fr\/en\/articles\/jobs-skills\/immigration-a-french-paradox\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Immigration: A French Paradox - Le cercle des \u00e9conomistes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"France has a long history of welcoming immigrants, who have greatly contributed to the development of its economy. 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Contrary to popular belief, Ekrame Boubtane demonstrates that the work provided by immigrants responds to the permanent needs of the labour market, which explains the failure of policies aimed at discouraging immigration or encouraging return. 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