{"id":6589,"date":"2023-11-27T14:53:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-27T13:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lecercledeseconomistes.fr\/articles\/%cat-post-theme%\/recreating-the-conditions-for-a-peaceful-society\/"},"modified":"2024-04-18T09:53:28","modified_gmt":"2024-04-18T07:53:28","slug":"recreating-the-conditions-for-a-peaceful-society","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/lecercledeseconomistes.fr\/en\/articles\/society\/recreating-the-conditions-for-a-peaceful-society\/","title":{"rendered":"Recreating the conditions for a peaceful society"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group section-content-layout-without-cover is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"block--post-meta\" >\n\n    <ul class=\"block--post-meta-list\">\n\n        \n            <li>\n                <p class=\"style-p-secondary-bold\">date<\/p>\n                <time datetime=\"2023-11-27T14:53:00+01:00\"class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">27 novembre 2023<\/time>\n            <\/li>\n\n            <li>\n                <p class=\"style-p-secondary-bold\">update<\/p>\n                <time datetime=\"2024-04-18T09:53:28+02:00\" class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">18 avril 2024 \u00e0 09:53<\/time>\n            <\/li>\n\n            \n            <li>\n                <p class=\"style-p-secondary-bold\">author<\/p>\n\n                <div class=\"container__authors\">\n\n                    \n                        <a class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\" href=\"https:\/\/lecercledeseconomistes.fr\/en\/presentation\/members-and-authors\/members\/francoise-benhamou\/\">Fran\u00e7oise Benhamou<\/a>\n                     \n                    \n                <\/div>\n            <\/li>\n            \n        \n            \n            \n            \n\n            \n                <li>\n                    <p class=\"style-p-secondary-bold\">reading time<\/p>\n                                        <p class=\"style-p-secondary-normal\">9 minutes<\/p> \n                <\/li>\n\n            \n\n        \n        \n    <\/ul>\n\n    \n        \n        <div class=\"container-post-social-share\">\n\n            \n<div class=\"block--post-social-share\" >\n\n    \n    <ul class=\"container-socials\">\n\n        <li>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Flecercledeseconomistes.fr%2Fen%2Farticles%2Fsociety%2Frecreating-the-conditions-for-a-peaceful-society%2F\" title='Partager sur Facebook' target='_blank'>\n                \n                <svg class=\"facebook\" width=\"27\" height=\"26\" viewBox=\"0 0 27 26\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path class=\"one\" d=\"M25.6539 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15.023 18.4971 15.116 18.4971C16.2 18.4941 17.285 18.4951 18.369 18.4941C18.41 18.4941 18.455 18.5081 18.5 18.4751C18.491 18.4601 18.484 18.4461 18.475 18.4331C17.967 17.7801 17.459 17.1271 16.95 16.4741C15.857 15.0701 14.764 13.6651 13.669 12.2631C13.615 12.1941 13.608 12.1541 13.676 12.0861C13.953 11.8081 14.221 11.5231 14.493 11.2411C15.534 10.1631 16.576 9.08512 17.617 8.00612C17.771 7.84612 17.924 7.68612 18.099 7.50212C17.814 7.50212 17.56 7.50912 17.308 7.49912C17.177 7.49412 17.091 7.53712 17.004 7.62812C15.749 8.93112 14.49 10.2301 13.235 11.5331C13.168 11.6031 13.146 11.5891 13.095 11.5221C12.077 10.2121 11.057 8.90312 10.04 7.59212C9.986 7.52212 9.93 7.50012 9.844 7.50012C8.777 7.50212 7.71 7.50112 6.643 7.50212C6.603 7.50212 6.557 7.48512 6.517 7.52512C6.53 7.54312 6.542 7.56012 6.554 7.57712C8.082 9.55512 9.609 11.5331 11.139 13.5091C11.198 13.5851 11.209 13.6261 11.133 13.7041C9.764 15.1131 8.399 16.5251 7.034 17.9371L7.035 17.9391ZM8.059 8.30412C8.043 8.28412 8.03 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d=\"M24.8649 0.587891H0.0258789V25.4269H24.8649V0.587891Z\" stroke=\"#5B5B5B\" stroke-miterlimit=\"10\"\/>\n<path class=\"two\" d=\"M18.1309 13.5412C18.1539 15.1962 18.144 16.8512 18.144 18.5062C18.1386 18.5827 18.1283 18.6588 18.1138 18.7342C17.4238 18.7342 16.743 18.7342 16.063 18.7342C15.826 18.7342 15.8902 18.5472 15.8892 18.4182C15.8892 17.2602 15.8892 16.1022 15.8892 14.9432C15.8892 14.8222 15.8892 14.7002 15.8892 14.5792C15.8913 14.3853 15.8548 14.1928 15.7817 14.0132C15.7087 13.8336 15.6002 13.6703 15.4634 13.5329C15.3265 13.3955 15.1637 13.2867 14.9844 13.2129C14.805 13.1391 14.6129 13.1018 14.4189 13.1032C14.005 13.0978 13.6058 13.2566 13.3086 13.5448C13.0114 13.833 12.8404 14.2272 12.833 14.6412C12.816 15.8412 12.8332 17.0412 12.8252 18.2482C12.8252 18.7912 12.8952 18.7332 12.3252 18.7362C11.7552 18.7392 11.1838 18.7362 10.5918 18.7362V11.1462H12.8198V12.1112C12.9688 11.9552 13.0519 11.8742 13.1279 11.7882C14.1279 10.6732 17.1092 10.5882 17.9092 12.5482C18.0427 12.863 18.1176 13.1994 18.1309 13.5412Z\" fill=\"#5B5B5B\"\/>\n<path class=\"three\"d=\"M8.09164 7.27812C8.36496 7.27255 8.63415 7.34853 8.86411 7.49635C9.09406 7.64417 9.27472 7.85713 9.38315 8.10808C9.49157 8.35903 9.52247 8.63659 9.4725 8.90535C9.42253 9.17412 9.29376 9.4219 9.10239 9.61711C8.91101 9.81232 8.66601 9.94611 8.39829 10.0014C8.13056 10.0567 7.85251 10.031 7.59946 9.92755C7.34641 9.82413 7.12974 9.64767 6.97739 9.42069C6.82504 9.19371 6.74385 8.92649 6.74399 8.65312C6.73999 8.47373 6.77175 8.29535 6.83774 8.12849C6.90373 7.96163 7.00265 7.80966 7.12827 7.68153C7.25388 7.5534 7.40367 7.4517 7.56918 7.38242C7.7347 7.31314 7.91221 7.27767 8.09164 7.27812Z\" fill=\"#5B5B5B\"\/>\n<path class=\"four\"d=\"M9.22314 11.1509V18.7169H7V11.1509H9.22314Z\" fill=\"#5B5B5B\"\/>\n<\/svg>            <\/a>\n\n        <\/li>\n        \n<\/ul>\n\n  \n    \n    \n<\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n\n        \n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-16018d1d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/lecercledeseconomistes.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/cercle-eco_cahier-4-rebonds_web-pages.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download the booklet (pdf)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<p><strong>A peaceful society is one that knows how to adapt and overcome the tensions within it. However, it is a society of compromise that can be accompanied by frustrations and demands \u2013 due in particular to the deterioration of living and working conditions and class inequalities \u2013 that must not be hidden, and to which must be addressed.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>To achieve this peaceful society, Fran\u00e7oise Benhamou suggests the courses of action to be prioritised. According to her, school is the lifeblood of the matter. It is at school that inequalities can be erased or worsened. It is therefore necessary to focus everything on education, for example by strengthening the attractiveness of education professions and by putting the values of democracy back on the curriculum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A peaceful society is a society of trust, and this can only be achieved through the quality of its public service offer, to which we can add the cultural offer, which is essential for building coexistence. In addition, associations play a key role in preserving social ties, a key element in stemming the isolation observed at the territorial level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>It is also imperative, according to the author, to find the relevant information and communication tools on all these subjects, in order to achieve a peaceful society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-normal\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-text-color has-purple-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-purple-background-color has-background is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-normal\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is a peaceful society?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>To the question of the definition of a peaceful society, everyone could go from one answer to another&#8230; A peaceful society is undoubtedly a safer society, engaging in serene debates, capable of confronting ideas and proposals, but without the violence that sometimes accompanies it. Only a peaceful society can accept and take ownership of much-needed reforms, and overcome the tensions or contradictions that the conduct of private or public affairs inevitably generates. For example, the requirements of the environmental transition may lead to the refusal of certain factories&#8230; which the requirements of reindustrialisation, industrial sovereignty and territorial development lead us to recommend. It is then necessary to develop the industrial project to adapt it to environmental standards and convince a reluctant population of the importance of the project. Because a peaceful society is a society of compromise, it can be accompanied by frustrations and resentments that cannot be answered with a simple wave of the hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A subject at the heart of the public debate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>J\u00e9r\u00f4me Fourquet has shown that there is an &#8220;archipellization&#8221; of French society, a fragmentation that feeds on the absence of common unifying projects and, more profoundly, on the dislocation of cultural matrices. Among these, he points to de-Christianization, the fragmentation of the traditional electoral benchmarks that constituted political parties, the questioning of secularism, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This erosion of the fundamentals of living together and of common values is reflected both in the importance of abstention from electoral appointments and in the rise of personal and individualistic aspirations to the detriment of more civic aspirations. It paves the way for the authorities&#8217; refusal, even if they are linked to experience or competence. In the background, criticism of institutions can lead to withdrawal or violence. Where Albert Hirshmann evoked three possible paths in the face of the failures of public or private institutions, voice, exit, loyalty, the first two prevail, in the form of demands that can lead to anger, or defection, of the choice to stand aside from a society that ceases to be inclusive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The reproduction of inequalities from one generation to the next remains significant; However, the social ladder is not totally broken. Indeed, while children from wealthy families are three times more likely to be among the top 20% of their families than those from low-income families, we can see that for the same level of parental income, children&#8217;s incomes vary, and above all that 12% of young people from the poorest families are among the top 20% of their age group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This is what philosophy calls &#8220;extreme democracy&#8221;, or what Dominique Schnapper, in his book The Democratic Spirit of Laws, describes as &#8220;ultra-democracy&#8221; or &#8220;radical democracy&#8221;. It thus refers to the drift from a society where democracy is exercised within an institutional framework to the demand for unlimited democratic aspirations that call into question all authority and all institutions. How can we understand such a &#8220;democratic malaise&#8221;? Can this be explained by the deterioration of the working and living conditions of certain categories? The Observatory of Inequality, in its 2023 report on inequalities in France, describes France as a country where &#8220;inequalities between social classes remain acute&#8221;. The authors, Hicham Abbas and Micha\u00ebl Sicsic, propose an original measure of intergenerational income mobility in France by directly linking parents&#8217; incomes to those of their 28-year-old children. Their results, based on 2018 data, show that intergenerational inequalities need to be analysed in great detail. The reproduction of inequalities from one generation to the next remains significant; However, the social ladder is not totally broken. Indeed, while children from wealthy families are three times more likely to be among the top 20% of their families than those from low-income families, we can see that for the same level of parental income, children&#8217;s incomes vary, and above all that 12% of young people from the poorest families are among the top 20% of their age group.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Nevertheless, the feeling of a breakdown in the social ladder, of a deterioration in the chances of progression in the income scale, and the fear of a &#8220;social descensor&#8221; \u2013 if we can put it that way \u2013 which would manifest itself in a downgrading for the children&#8217;s generation, are very strong in the middle classes. The assurance of an improvement in living conditions from one generation to the next has been replaced by the fear of a deterioration in the future of children. It is striking to note that some even fear falling into poverty: according to the DREES opinion barometer, in 2018, in metropolitan France, 24% of people thought they were at risk of becoming poor in the next five years, and 18% already considered themselves poor, a figure up 5 points compared to 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>This climate is nourished by a double questioning about the school. The first relates to the level obtained by pupils, whose Pisa rankings show the deterioration over time and the growing inability to compensate, even partially, for the inequalities at the outset. The second concerns the school&#8217;s ability to transmit republican values. On the first point, we observe that between CP and CM2, about 70% of students with difficulties in French or mathematics improve their results when they belong to a very privileged background, compared to 42% in the opposite extreme (Report on inequalities, Observatory of Inequality, June 2023). In other words, the family compensates for the inefficiency of the educational institution when its level of education allows it. Without it, inequalities widen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>On the second point, according to the Ministry of Education (Directorate of Evaluation, Foresight and Performance), which regularly publishes a survey on violence in schools (verbal and physical attacks on persons), it will have affected during the 2021-2022 school year, an average of 12.3 serious incidents per 1,000 students (Fr\u00e9chou, 2023). But the perception of diffuse or actual violence in schools is stronger than what the statistics measure. This is accentuated by dramatic episodes, such as the assassination of Samuel Paty in October 2020. It has deleterious effects on expectations of school and on the attractiveness of jobs in schools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What should I do?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Because, as we have just seen, social and societal issues are multifaceted, it is not easy to select a few proposals. Of course, a real housing policy, combined with an urban policy (mobility, security, urban planning, etc.) is essential. However, the focus here will be on two main themes: education, and what can be described as the politics of socialization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Education, Democracy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The question is widely documented: school is the mother of all battles, where social or cultural handicaps manifest themselves, and the place that can aggravate them, maintain them, or compensate for them according to one&#8217;s ability to educate, taking into account the variety of children&#8217;s abilities, as well as family itineraries and contexts. This is a matter of equal opportunities, preparation for entry into working life, knowing that the educational path is decisive for the point of entry into the job market, transmission of knowledge and republican values, and also of the economy: a note from the CAE (2022) establishes a positive correlation between the level of skills in mathematics and work productivity. A lot is at stake at an early age, and we need to strengthen the efforts already made. However, according to the National Family Allowances Fund (CNAF), nearly half of the 17,000 or so cr\u00e8ches are understaffed: more than 9,500 places, out of some 471,000, are &#8220;closed or unoccupied due to recruitment difficulties&#8221;. We can therefore highlight these few courses of action:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Increase the salaries of nursery employees in order to strengthen the attractiveness of the professions;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rethinking teachers&#8217; professional careers;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Strengthen the policy to combat inequalities by reducing the number of students in classes in the most disadvantaged areas;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, we must not give in to reducing the debate on schools to the sole question, however essential it may be, of inequality. Launch a major open and participatory debate on the identification of the basic skills necessary for all citizens, and on the definition of a common base of knowledge;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To create a school of trust, of learning not only the knowledge but also the values of the Republic. Acculturate to the notion of the commons;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Putting back on the agenda civic education programs based on tools that speak to young people (such as serious games); use social media for this purpose. Explain democracy in all its facets.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Politics of socialization and living together<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In a note for the Council of Economic Analysis, we show that an increased effort in favor of culture on the part of a city has a small but robust effect on the abstention rate in elections, and a significant effect on well-being (Alexandre, et al., 2022, Beuve et al. 2022). In the same vein, academic studies conducted in Italy establish a correlation between cultural consumption and reduction in delinquency, all other things being equal (Denti, Crociata &amp; Faggian, 2023). More generally, the presence and quality of public services \u2013 like all services that contribute to the improvement of daily life \u2013 build trust, which is the raw material of a peaceful society. This does not necessarily mean more public spending, but a reflection on public spending that is more adequate to the needs of the population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In the same vein, academic studies conducted in Italy establish a correlation between cultural consumption and reduction in delinquency, all other things being equal (Denti, Crociata &amp; Faggian, 2023). More generally, the presence and quality of public services \u2013 like all services that contribute to the improvement of daily life \u2013 build trust, which is the raw material of a peaceful society. This does not necessarily mean more public spending, but a reflection on public spending that is more adequate to the needs of the population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Other research (Algan et al. 2020) has shown that isolation is a profound factor in the disintegration of society and malaise. They show that the yellow vest movement of 2018-2019 largely stemmed from this suffering linked to isolation. The authors recommend &#8220;redefining the objectives of territorial policies to give more space to well-being criteria, favouring locally initiated projects rather than centralised policies and promoting access to services, whether private or public, in order to preserve social ties in the territories&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Among the structures that can contribute to the preservation of social ties, associations play a crucial role. While their number (1.3 million active associations in France in 2013 according to the most recent data from INSEE) testifies to the importance of this mode of exercising a certain form of citizenship, this world is poorly known, poorly evaluated, helped without a global vision or identifiable strategy. The September 2020 recovery plan included an increase in public subsidies to anti-poverty associations. But it&#8217;s not all about subsidies. It is necessary to carry out an evaluation, draw up a strategy and support associations, including beyond the fight against poverty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Three courses of action can therefore be favoured in order to move towards a more peaceful society: the one relating to public services, the one relating to the existence of living spaces in rural areas and peripheral neighbourhoods, and the other relating to community life. To this can be added the cultural offer as part of what cements societies and contributes to consolidating living together. None of this can exist without relevant information and communication tools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Enhance the quality of public services through reflection and evaluation carried out at the territorial level in participatory exchange formats;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fighting loneliness (1). Ensure that there are living spaces that can be equipped with computers, a multipurpose room, and that have moments of animation (such as third places), in territories and neighborhoods that do not have them;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fighting loneliness (2). Promote the vitality of the associative world;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Create information tools on local cultural offerings. Indeed, if there is no cultural desert in the territory, the existence of an offer at affordable rates and nearby is often not well known;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Work on communication, including digital communication, in public services, while ensuring that there is always a possibility of using a &#8220;physical&#8221; interlocutor in order to combat digital exclusion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-normal\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-text-color has-purple-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-purple-background-color has-background is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-normal\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-small\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Abbas H. &amp; Sicsic M., &#8220;A new measure of intergenerational income mobility in France&#8221;, INSEE Analyses, 73, May 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/6441712\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/6441712<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Alexandre O., Algan Y. and Benhamou F., Culture facing the challenges of digital technology and the crisis, Notes du Conseil d&#8217;analyse \u00e9conomique, n\u00b0 70, February 2022, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cae-eco.fr\/la-culture-face-aux-defis-du-numerique-et-de-la-crise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.cae-eco.fr\/la-culture-face-aux-defis-du-numerique-et-de-la-crise<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Algan Y., Malgouyres C. &amp; Senik C., Territories, well-being and public policies, Council of Economic Analysis, Notes of the Council of Economic Analysis, No. 55, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cae-eco.fr\/Territoires-bien-etre-et-politiques-publiques\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.cae-eco.fr\/Territoires-bien-etre-et-politiques-publiques<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Beuve J., P\u00e9ron M. &amp; Poux C., &#8220;Culture, well-being and territories&#8221;, Conseil d&#8217;analyse \u00e9conomique, Focus n\u00b079, February 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Denti D. Crociata A. &amp; Faggian A., &#8220;Knocking on Hell&#8217;s door: dismantling hate with cultural consumption&#8221;, Journal of Cultural Economics, 47, 2023, p. 303\u2013349.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fourquet J., L&#8217;Archipel fran\u00e7ais. Birth of a Multiple and Divided Nation, Le Seuil, 2019.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fr\u00e9chou H., &#8220;Results of the 2021-2022 Sivis survey among public schools and public and private middle and high schools under contract&#8221;, Information Note, n\u00b0 23.02, DEPP, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48464\/ni-23-02\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48464\/ni-23-02<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hirschman A., Exit Voice &amp; Loyalty \u2013 Responses to Decline On Firms Organizations &amp; States, Harvard University Press, 1972.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Martin R., Renault T. and Roux B., &#8220;Decline in productivity in France: failure in maths?&#8221;, CAE, Focus N\u00b0 091\u20102022, September 2022.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Schnapper D., L&#8217;esprit d\u00e9mocratique des lois, Gallimard, coll. &#8220;NRF Essays&#8221;, 2014.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Simon-Nahum P. Wisdom of the Political. The Future of Democracies, Editions de l&#8217;Observatoire, 2023.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer is-style-spacer-medium\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":4290,"parent":0,"template":"wp-custom-template-single-post-classic","cat-post-theme":[188],"cat-post-type":[135],"cat-blog-event-media-type-serie":[],"class_list":["post-6589","blog","type-blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","cat-post-theme-society","cat-post-type-news"],"acf":{"is_featured_post":false,"display_twitter_hastags":false,"twitter_hastags":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Recreating the conditions for a peaceful society - Le cercle des \u00e9conomistes<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lecercledeseconomistes.fr\/en\/articles\/society\/recreating-the-conditions-for-a-peaceful-society\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Recreating the conditions for a peaceful society - Le cercle des \u00e9conomistes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A peaceful society is one that knows how to adapt and overcome the tensions within it. 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